Ubuntu20.04 常用配置和软件安装
本文以 Ubuntu 20.04 系统为例,简要介绍一下刚装好的 Linux 应该如何配置
换源
一般来说拿到新系统首先要换源,常用源如下,选一个就行了
# USTC 源
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# aliyun 源
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
具体操作如下,先对配置文件备份,再修改这文件
# 备份后修改配置
cd /etc/apt
sudo cp sources.list sources.list.bak
sudo vi sources.list
# 复制上文的源镜像地址
# 在终端里 shift+insert 粘贴
# :wq 保存退出
# 让新配置的地址生效
sudo apt update
设置root用户密码
全新的 Ubuntu 默认是没有设置 root 用户密码的,切换 root 用户前记得先设置密码
sudo passwd root
设置主机名
修改后需要重启才能生效
sudo vi /etc/hostname
安装 gcc/g++
Ubuntu 默认没有安装 C/C++ 的编译环境
sudo apt install build-essential
安装 net-tools
Ubuntu 默认没有安装 net-tools,它包含了 ifconfig、ping、netstat
等常用的网络工具
sudo apt install net-tools
安装 openssh-server
Ubuntu 默认没有安装 openssh-server,安装之后才能用 ssh 远程访问该主机
sudo apt install openssh-server
systemctl status ssh
安装 oh my zsh
首先安装 zsh
sudo apt install zsh
# 检查 zsh 是否安装成功
cat /etc/shells
# 切换为 zsh
chsh -s /bin/zsh
# 检查 zsh 是否切换成功
echo $SHELL
再安装 oh my zsh,确保安装了 Git,否则会安装失败
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh
sh install.sh
安装 incr 插件,可以让命令支持自动补全(可选)
cd ~/.oh-my-zsh/plugins/
mkdir incr & cd incr
wget http://mimosa-pudica.net/src/incr-0.2.zsh
# 配置 incr 插件
vim ~/.zshrc
# 添加到配置文件末尾,保存退出
source ~/.oh-my-zsh/plugins/incr/incr*.zsh
# 让配置生效
source ~/.zshrc
安装 Java
如果你的 Ubuntu 是虚拟机或者云服务器,可以先在 Windows 下载 JDK1.8压缩包 (提取码:jdk8)
然后将压缩包通过 XFTP 传到 /home/USERNAME 目录下
# 将压缩包解压到 /usr/local 目录下
sudo mv ~/jdk-8u241-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local
sudo tar -zxvf jdk-8u241-linux-x64.tar.gz
# 全局配置(和局部配置二选一)
sudo vi /etc/profile
# 局部配置
vi ~/.bashrc
# 添加到配置文件末尾,保存退出
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk1.8.0_241/
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
# 让配置生效
source ~/.bashrc